Association of Education and Depressive Symptoms with Tooth Loss.

Previous evidence suggests the association of lower educational attainment and depressive symptoms with tooth loss. The hypothesis of this study was that these factors may exacerbate the effect on tooth loss beyond the sum of their individual effects. We aimed to clarify the independent and interactive effects of educational attainment and depressive symptoms on the number of missing teeth among community residents. Cross-sectional data of 9,647 individuals were collected from the general Japanese population. Dental examination was conducted by dentists. Educational attainment was categorized into 3 levels based on the number of educational years: ≤9, >9 to ≤12, and >12 y. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was used to assess depressive symptoms; a total score of ≥16 and/or the use of medications for depression indicate the presence of depressive symptoms. In the multivariate analysis with adjustment for conventional risk factors, educational attainment was identified as a determinant of the number of missing teeth (>9 to ≤12 y of education: coefficient = 0.199, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.135 to 0.263, P < 0.001; ≤9 y of education: coefficient = 0.318, 95% CI, 0.231 to 0.405, P < 0.001: reference, >12 y of education). An analysis that included interaction terms revealed that the relationship between "≤9 y of education" and the number of missing teeth differed depending on the depressive symptoms, indicating a positive interactive association (coefficient for interaction = 0.198; 95% CI, 0.033 to 0.364, P for interaction = 0.019: reference, >12 y of education). Our study suggests the presence of a significant association between educational attainment and tooth loss, as well as a partial interactive association between "≤9 y of education" and "depressive symptoms" in the general Japanese population.

Oxidative refolding of bovine pancreatic RNases A and B promoted by Asn-glycans.

It was previously revealed [Yamaguchi, H. and Uchida, M. (1996) J. Biochem. 120, 474-477] that both intra- and extramolecular high-mannose type Asn-glycans promote the renaturation of reductively denatured bovine pancreatic RNases A and B under oxidation conditions. To characterize the conformational changes of the polypeptides during the renaturation promoted by the intramolecular Asn-glycans, RNase B was compared with its nonglycosylated form, RNase A, as to the features of the regeneration from their reductively denatured species under Cu2+-catalyzed oxidation conditions. The refolding intermediates of RNase B, as compared with those of RNase A, seemed to contain much less impaired disulfide linkages. In agreement with this finding, the proper refolding of RNase B was much faster than that of RNase A, as revealed by the intrinsic fluorescence and 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate binding of the refolding intermediates. Such a promoting effect was also observed for extramolecular Asn-glycans of the complex as well as of the high-mannose type. In contrast, common mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides, but not yeast mannan, exhibited much lower stimulatory effects on the oxidative refolding of RNase A.

Improvement of transdermal delivery of tetragastrin by lipophilic modification with fatty acids.

The in-vitro permeability of chemically modified tetragastrin with fatty acids through the rat skin was studied. The permeability of these compounds through intact skin and stripped skin of rat was determined with a Franz-type diffusion cell. The permeation of tetragastrin across the intact skin was improved by chemical modification with acetic acid and butyric acid. However, tetragastrin and caproyl-tetragastrin did not permeate across the intact skin up to the end of experiment. The permeation of tetragastrin across the stripped skin was improved by chemical modification, the skin flux of these acyl derivatives being in the order:acetyl > butyroyl > caproyl. The stability of tetragastrin in skin homogenate was also significantly improved by chemical modification with fatty acids. These results suggest that chemical modifications of tetragastrin with fatty acids increases its lipophilicity, which makes it permeable across the stratum corneum. Moreover, the chemical modification reduced the degradation of tetragastrin in the viable skin, resulting an increase in permeation of tetragastrin across the skin.